Baumann, MH; Clark, RD; Budzynski, AG; Partilla, JS; Blough, BE; Rothman, RB. N-Substituted piperazines abused by humans mimic the molecular mechanism of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, or ‘Ecstasy’). Neuropsychopharmacol., 1 Mar 2005, 30 (3), 550–560. 184 kB. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.npp.1300585
Staack, RF; Maurer, HH. Metabolism of designer drugs of abuse. Curr. Drug Metab., 1 Jun 2005, 6 (3), 259–274. 104 kB. https://doi.org/10.2174/1389200054021825 #BZP, 1 (Fig. 4)
Elie, L; Baron, M; Croxton, R; Elie, M. Microcrystalline identification of selected designer drugs. Forensic Sci. Int., 10 Jan 2012, 214 (1–3), 182-188. 1.4 MB. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.08.005
EMCDDA. Report on the risk assessment of BZP, European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Lisbon, . 1.1 MB. #BZP MS
Schep, LJ; Slaughter, RJ; Temple, WA; Gee, P. Comments on BZP and New Zealand’s alternative approach to prohibition. Drug Test. Anal., 1 Jan 2012, 4 (1), 57. 47 kB. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.356
Nakanishi, K; Miki, A; Zaitsu, K; Kamata, H; Shima, N; Kamata, T; Katagi, M; Tatsuno, M; Tsuchihashi, H; Suzuki, K. Cross-reactivities of various phenethylamine-type designer drugs to immunoassays for amphetamines, with special attention to the evaluation of the one-step urine drug test Instant-View™, and the Emit® assays for use in drug enforcement. Forensic Sci. Int., 10 Apr 2012, 217 (1–3), 174–181. 397 kB. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.11.003
Partilla, JS; Dempsey, AG; Nagpal, AS; Blough, BE; Baumann, MH; Rothman, RB. Interaction of amphetamines and related compounds at the vesicular monoamine transporter. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 1 Oct 2006, 319 (1), 237–246. 367 kB. https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.106.103622
Byrska, B; Zuba, D; Stanaszek, R. Determination of piperazine derivatives in “legal highs”. Probl. Forensic Sci., , 81, 101–113. 852 kB. #BZP GC,LC,MS,UV
Wood, DM; Button, J; Lidder, S; Ramsey, J; Holt, DW; Dargan, PI. Dissociative and sympathomimetic toxicity associated with recreational use of 1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine (TFMPP) and 1-benzylpiperzine (BZP). J. Med. Toxicol., 1 Dec 2008, 4 (4), 254–257. 334 kB. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03161209
Maurer, HH. Mass spectra of select benzyl- and phenyl- piperazine designer drugs. Microgram J., 1 Jan 2004, 2 (1–4), 22–26. 326 kB. MS
Krawczeniuk, AS. Identification of phenethylamines and methylenedioxyamphetamines using liquid chromatography atmospheric pressure electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Microgram J., 1 Jan 2005, 3 (1–2), 78–100. 979 kB. MS
Zuba, D; Byrska, B. Prevalence and co-existence of active components of ‘legal highs’. Drug Test. Anal., 1 Jun 2013, 5 (6), 420–429. 1.3 MB. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.1365
Rõsner, P; Junge, T; Fritschi, G; Klein, B; Thielert, K; Kozlowski, M. Neue synthetische Drogen: Piperazin-, propicyclidin- und α-aminopropiophenonderivate. Toxichem Krimtech, 1 Jan 1999, 66 (2), 81–90. 1.2 MB. #8 MS,NMR,IR
EMCDDA. New drugs in Europe, 2013, European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Lisbon, 1 Jul 2014. 311 kB.
EMCDDA. New drugs in Europe, 2010, European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Lisbon, 1 May 2011. 700 kB.
Clark, CR; DeRuiter, J. Analytical and synthetic studies on designer drugs of the piperazine class, US DOJ, 1 Dec 2014. 15.6 MB. #BP
Arbo, MD; Bastos, ML; Carmo, HF. Piperazine compounds as drugs of abuse. Drug Alcohol Depend., 1 May 2012, 122 (3), 174-185. 523 kB. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.10.007
Calderon, SN; Klein, M. A regulatory perspective on the abuse potential evaluation of novel stimulant drugs in the United States. Neuropharmacology, 1 Dec 2014, 87, 97-103. 266 kB. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.04.001
Wilkins, C. A critical first assessment of the new pre-market approval regime for new psychoactive substances (NPS) in New Zealand. Addiction, 1 Oct 2014, 109 (10), 1580-1586. 116 kB. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.12484
Sheridan, J; Dong, CY; Butler, R; Barnes, J. The impact of New Zealand's 2008 prohibition of piperazine-based party pills on young people's substance use: Results of a longitudinal, web-based study. Int. J. Drug Policy, 1 Sep 2013, 24 (5), 412-422. 458 kB. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2013.02.002
Wilkins, C; Sweetsur, P. The impact of the prohibition of benzylpiperazine (BZP) ‘legal highs’ on the prevalence of BZP, new legal highs and other drug use in New Zealand. Drug Alcohol Depend., 1 Jan 2013, 127 (1-3), 72-80. 521 kB. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.06.014
Hudson, AL; Lalies, MD; Baker, GB; Wells, K; Aitchison, KJ. Ecstasy, legal highs and designer drug use: A Canadian perspective. Drug Science, Policy and Law, 1 Jan 2014, 1, 1-9. 230 kB. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050324513509190
Nagai, F; Nonaka, R; Kamimura, KSH. The effects of non-medically used psychoactive drugs on monoamine neurotransmission in rat brain. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 22 Mar 2007, 559 (2), 132–137. 399 kB. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.11.075 #BZP
Takahashi, M; Nagashima, M; Suzuki, J; Seto, T; Yasuda, I; Yoshida, T. Creation and application of psychoactive designer drugs data library using liquid chromatography with photodiode array spectrophotometry detector and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Talanta, 15 Feb 2009, 77 (4), 1245–1272. 1.2 MB. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2008.07.062 #BZP GC,LC,MS,UV
Seto, T; Takahashi, M; Nagashima, M; Suzuki, J; Yasuda, I. The identifications and the aspects of the commercially available uncontrolled drugs purchased between Apr. 2003 and Mar. 2004. Ann. Rep. Tokyo Metr. Inst. P. H., 1 Jan 2005, 56 75–80. 1.2 MB. #BZP MS,NMR,UV
Suzuki, J; Seto, T; Nagashima, M; Takahashi, M; Okumoto, C; Yasuda, I. Measurement of purity of Governor-designated drugs and estimated structural formula of the impurities. Ann. Rep. Tokyo Metr. Inst. P. H., 1 Jan 2005, 56 69–74. 1.0 MB. #BZP LC,MS,UV,TLC,other
Bishop, SC; McCord, BR; Gratz, SR; Loeliger, JR; Witkowski, MR. Simultaneous separation of different types of amphetamine and piperazine designer drugs by capillary electrophoresis with a chiral selector. J. Forensic Sci., 1 Mar 2005, 50 (2), 1–10. 597 kB. https://doi.org/10.1520/JFS2004239 #BZP LC,MS,UV,other
Luethi, D; Liechti, ME. Monoamine transporter and receptor interaction profiles in vitro predict reported human doses of novel psychoactive stimulants and psychedelics. Int. J. Neuropsychoph., 1 Oct 2018, 21 (10), 926–931. 254 kB. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyy047 #S1 Piperazines BZP
Kronstrand, R; Guerrieri, D; Vikingsson, S; Wohlfarth, A; Gréen, H. Fatal poisonings associated with new psychoactive substances. In New Psychoactive Substances: Pharmacology, Clinical, Forensic and Analytical Toxicology; Maurer, HH; Brandt, SD, Eds., Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1 Jan 2018; pp 495–541. 477 kB. https://doi.org/10.1007/164_2018_110 #BZP
Åstrand, A; Guerrieri, D; Vikingsson, S; Kronstrand, R; Green, H. In vitro characterization of new psychoactive substances at the μ-opioid, CB1, 5HT1A, and 5-HT2A receptors—On-target receptor potency and efficacy, and off-target effects. Forensic Sci. Int., 1 Dec 2020, 317, 110553. 1.7 MB. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110553 #Benzylpiperazine (BZP)
Simmler, LD; Rickli, A; Schramm, Y; Hoener, MC; Liechti, ME. Pharmacological profiles of aminoindanes, piperazines, and pipradrol derivatives. Biochem. Pharmacol., 15 Mar 2014, 88 (2), 237–244. 504 kB. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2014.01.024 #BZP
Heegel, RA; Trigg, JJ. Different approaches to the separation of 1-benzylpiperazine and 1-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-piperazine found in illicit ecstasy tablets. JCLIC, 1 Jul 2008, 18 (3), 9-16. 591 kB. GC,MS
Martins, D; Garrido, EMPJ; Borges, F; Garrido, JMPJ. Voltammetric profiling of new psychoactive substances: Piperazine derivatives. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1 Feb 2021, 883 (115054). 1.2 MB. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115054 #BZP other
Philp, M; Shimmon, R; Stojanovska, N; Tahtouh, M; Fu, S. Development and validation of a presumptive colour spot test method for the detection of piperazine analogues in seized illicit materials. Anal. Methods, 1 Jan 2013, 5 (20), 5402. 783 kB. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ay40511g #1-Benzylpiperazine (BZP) MS,NMR,IR,spot
Maurer, HH; Kraemer, T; Springer, D; Staack, RF. Chemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, and hepatic metabolism of designer drugs of the amphetamine (Ecstasy), piperazine, and pyrrolidinophenone types. A synopsis. Ther. Drug Monit., 1 Apr 2004, 26 (2), 127–131. 121 kB.
Bovens, M; Schläpfer, M. A survey of recent seizures and an attempt to a more effective handling from a Swiss perspective. Toxichem Krimtech, 1 Apr 2011, 78 (SI), 167–175. 708 kB. #14
Elliott, S. Current awareness of piperazines: pharmacology and toxicology. Drug Test. Anal., 1 Jul 2011, 3 (7–8), 430–438. 148 kB. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.307 #BZP